Journal of Natural Product for Degenerative Diseases
Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Pancasila
Phytotherapy's Impact on Immune Regulation in Degenerative Diseases
This literature review looks at how phytotherapy affects immune regulation in degenerative diseases like neurodegenerative, autoimmune, and metabolic disorders. We begin by outlining a theoretical framework that explains how chronic inflammation, caused by pathways such as NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome, plays a central role in these conditions. Next, we explore how different phytochemicals, including flavonoids, stilbenes, and phenolic acids, achieve their therapeutic effects by influencing these important inflammatory pathways, lowering cytokine production, and offering antioxidant support. The review applies this knowledge to specific diseases, emphasizing how compounds like curcumin and resveratrol may help reduce neuroinflammation and improve immune balance. Finally, we discuss the main challenges related to bioavailability and standardization, suggesting future research paths to realize the full potential of these natural compounds as effective strategies for managing chronic degenerative conditions.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Journal of Natural Product for Degenerative Diseases
Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Characterization of Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum Corm (Araceae) and Preliminary Evaluation of Its Antimicrobial Activity
Colocasia esculenta has been reported in reputable journals to exhibit various bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacognostic characteristics and phytochemical profile of Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum corm (Araceae). The corms were collected, authenticated, oven-dried, and subjected to preliminary pharmacognostic and phytochemical analyses. Pharmacognostic evaluations included organoleptic, microscopic, and physicochemical examinations. The dried corm powder was extracted with distilled water, followed by qualitative phytochemical screening. The extract was found to contain saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids. Antimicrobial activity was further evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, which were selected as representative pathogenic microorganisms for Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi, respectively. These microorganisms were chosen based on previous reports demonstrating that the ethanolic leaf extract of taro exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans and antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli. However, no inhibitory effect was observed in this study. All analyses were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopeia. The findings provide reference data for the pharmacognostic identification of Colocasia esculenta corm and highlight its phytochemical constituents. Further investigations on other biological activities are required to validate its therapeutic potential.
Formulation and Evaluation of Gel of Binahong Leaves Nanoparticle Extract (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) as an Antioxidant and Sunscreen
Binahong leaves are a herbal plant that is used to cure several diseases in Indonesia. Binahong leaves have flavonoids that can be potentially beneficial for antioxidants and sunscreen. The study aims to formulate an extract and a nanoparticle extract from binahong leaves into a gel and determine antioxidant and sunscreen activity. Binahong leaves were macerated using 70% ethanol and concentrated with a rotary evaporator. Then the extract was made into nanoparticles using the ionic gelation method. The nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, and morphological shape. The results showed that the nanoparticles were 192.7 nm in size, zeta potential of +25.3 mV, and spherical in shape. Antioxidant and sunscreen activity tests were analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Determination of antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenger activity method. The binahong leaves extract and nanoparticles had IC50 values of 68.78 ppm (moderate) and 152.18 ppm (weak). The antioxidant gel binahong leaves had IC50 of Formula II (174.85 ppm) and Formula III (221.14 ppm). The sunscreen activity was analyzed by determining the SPF value. Binahong leaves extract and nanoparticles had SPF values of 16.92 and 21.55 (ultra category). The sunscreen gel binahong leaves extract (formula II) and nanoparticles (formula III) had SPF values of 2.61 and 3.3 (minimal category). Gel preparations were evaluated, including organoleptic, homogeneity, spreadability, viscosity, and pH test. Binahong leaves extract and nanoparticles extract had antioxidant activity and SPF value that could be formulated into a gel preparation.
Development, Optimization, and Characterization of Wet-Granulated Curcumin Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Tablets
Curcumin has been widely recognized for its broad therapeutic potential, including its emerging role as an antiviral agent. However, its clinical translation is limited by poor aqueous solubility, rapid metabolism, and low oral bioavailability. To address these challenges, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have been proposed as a promising delivery system to enhance curcumin stability and systemic availability. This study aimed to formulate curcumin-loaded NLCs, optimize their physicochemical characteristics, and develop an oral tablet dosage form using the wet granulation method with super-disintegrant variation. The optimized NLC formulation was prepared and subsequently freeze-dried prior to compression into tablets. Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, morphology, entrapment efficiency (EE), and loading capacity (LC) were evaluated. Tablets were formulated using starch, croscarmellose sodium (2% and 3%), PVP, aerosil, and Avicel PH 102, followed by assessment of physical quality parameters including weight uniformity, hardness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution profile. The optimized NLCs exhibited desirable nanoscale characteristics, with particle size of 70.95 nm, PDI 0.379, zeta potential −23.9 mV, spherical morphology, EE 99.75%, and LC 9.93%. The resulting tablets were yellow, bitter, and odorless, with acceptable pharmacopeial quality. Weight and size uniformity were within limits, hardness was 3.81 kg/cm² and 4.38 kg/cm², friability 1.45% and 0.50%, and disintegration times 1.86 min and 1.28 min for 2% and 3% super-disintegrant, respectively. Dissolution profiles indicated 26.12% and 25.79% release within the test period. Curcumin can be successfully formulated into stable NLCs with excellent encapsulation efficiency and incorporated into wet-granulated tablets meeting pharmacopeial standards. The use of 3% croscarmellose sodium provided the most favorable disintegration profile, suggesting its potential as an optimized oral dosage form to improve curcumin delivery and bioavailability.
Sun Protection Factor Activity of Crude Extract, Nanoparticle Extract, and Lyophilised Powder of Arabian Bidara Leaves (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.)
Arabic Bidara Leaves (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.) contain flavonoids, including quercetin, which has SPF properties. The goal of this research was to examine the properties and SPF activity of crude extract, nanoparticle extract, and lyophilized powder of Arabian Bidara Leaves. Arabian Bidara Leaves were extracted using the UAE technique with 70% ethanol solvent. The crude extract was converted into nanoparticle extract using the ionic glass process and then freeze dried to produce lyophilized powder. Then the properties and SPF value were investigated. The study found that the crude extract of Arabian Bidara Leaves has a brownish green color, 10.42%±0.36 water content, 4.68±0.01 pH, and 19.98±0.15 SPF. The nanoparticle extract has a clear yellow color, distinct odor, liquid form, and can be stored for 5 days without sediment formation. It has a particle size of 268.6 nm±3.75, polydispersity index of 0.547±0.06, zeta potential of -6.07 mV, adsorption efficiency of 89.60%, spherical morphology, and an SPF value of 29.96±0.69. The lyophilized powder is brown, flake-shaped, and has an SPF of 29.27±0.76. The results of this investigation show that the leaves of the Arabian bidara have SPF activity in the ultra protection category.
Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effect: an Experimental Study of Purple Leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff) Decoction
Purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff) are known to contain flavonoid compounds as anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. This study aims to obtain the efficacy of purple leaf decoction as anti-inflammatory and analgesic. The anti-inflammatory study used the Winter method with Sprague Dawley rat test, were divided into 5 groups, negative control was only given aquadest, positive control with a dose of diclofenac sodium 8.0208 mg/200g BW, and 3 groups of decoction with doses of 5.4 mg/200g BW, 10.8 mg/200g BW and 21.6 mg/200g BW. Anti-inflammatory testing was carried out by measuring the decrease in the volume of edema on the soles of the rat's feet. Analgesic testing using the Siegmund method with Deutche Denken Yoken mice. The mice were divided into 5 groups, negative control was only given aquadest, positive control with a dose of diclofenac sodium 1.1586 mg/20g BW, and 3 groups of decoction with doses of 1 mg/20g BW, 2 mg/20g BW and 4 mg/20g BW. The analgesic study was carried out by calculating the decrease in the number of writhing mice. The results of the percentage of anti-inflammatory effectiveness of purple leaf decoction doses (5.4 mg/200g BW, 10.8 mg/200g BW and 21.6 mg/200g BW) were 51.77%, 68.77% and 79.46%, respectively. The results of the percentage of analgesic effectiveness of purple leaf decoction doses (1 mg/20g BW, 2 mg/20g BW and 4 mg/20g BW) were 54.03%, 71.62% and 79.73%, respectively. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that purple leaf decoction has an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.
purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff)
Formulation, characterization, antioxidant and sun protection factor activity of red pomegranate (Punica granatum l.) peel extract in sunscreen lotion
Red pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) contains phenolic compounds of elagic acid as antioxidants and flavonoids and tannins as sunscreens in protecting the skin against ultra violet radiation. The aim of this study was to determine the sunscreen and antioxidant activity of red pomegranate peel extract, also the formation of its stable sunscreen lotion and to determine its SPF and antioxidant activity. Red pomegranate peel was macerated with 70% ethanol and concentrated. Antioxidant activity testing using FRAP method and determination of SPF value, spectrophotometric method was used along with Mansur equation. Lotion formulation was done by adding red pomegranate peel extract as much as 0.06% (F1); 0.12% and 0.24% (F2). The lotion preparation was evaluated for physical and chemical parameters including organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity and flow properties, lotion type, pH, spreadability, determination of SPF value and stability test using freeze and thaw method. The results showed the IC50 value of red pomegranate peel extract was 12.42 ± 0.01 bpj and the value of sunscreen activity at a concentration of 400 bpj gave an SPF value of 25.91 ± 0.01. The result of testing the physical properties showed that the lotion type was o/w, viscosity ranges from 10400 to 12000 cPs, pH test from 7.25 to 7.60, spreading power from 6.31 to 6.42 cm. The lotion was stable as there was no phase separation observed after centrifugation, freeze-thaw and thermal stress tests. For the lotion of red pomegranate peel extract showed antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 98.73 bpj (F1); 68.89 bpj (F2); 48.30 bpj (F3) and sunscreen values of 13.11 ± 0.02 (F1); 20.78 ± 0.02; 24.78 ± 0.04. It can be concluded that red pomegranate peel extract has very strong antioxidant activity and sunscreen activity with moderate protection, and can be formulated into lotion preparations with good quality parameters.
Review article : The Possible Application of Natural Ingredients in Cosmetics for Hair Growth and Strengthening
Hair is the most significant aspect in supporting look, it requires regular care for problematic scalp and hair, which can be achieved by using products containing hair and scalp care chemicals. The use of natural ingredients as main raw materials and additional raw materials has long been carried out in the cosmetics industry, because they are known to be rich in nutritional content and benefits so they can be used to make beauty and hair care products. The main objective of this literature study activity is to identify the potential contained in the natural to use strengthening and regrowing on the scalp and hair. The literature study was carried out by searching national and international journal literature from 1981 to 2023 regarding natural ingredients in products, namely: lavender, peppermint, rosemary, grapeseed oil, olive oil and bidara oil. Based on literature studies, the results showed that the natural ingredients contained in the product have been proven to have the potential to regrowing, moisturize, strengthen and nourish the scalp and hair, as well as being more environmentally friendly than chemicals and safe to use.
Identification of Ethanol Extract Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea) with LC-HRMS and Antioxidant Activity Testing
Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea) is a plant rich in bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds, which have the potential to provide health benefits. This study aims to identify active compounds in butterfly pea flower extract and evaluate their antioxidant activity. Compound identification was performed using LC-HRMS is an analytical technique that combines liquid chromatography (LC) with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), while antioxidant activity was tested using radical scavenging DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Analytical results showed that butterfly pea flower contain major flavonoid compounds, Butterfly Pea Flower contain compounds glycitein, quercetin, apigenin, kaemferol, laserpitin. The antioxidant activity test showed that Butterfly Pea Flower extract has a weak antioxidant capacity, which has the potential to counteract free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. These findings confirm that butterfly pea flower s have potential as a natural source of antioxidants that can be developed for pharmaceutical and functional food applications.
Development and Optimization of Facial Wash Gel with Okra Fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus) Extract: a Study on HPMC Concentration Variations
The stability of facial wash gel formulations is influenced by the concentration of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), which plays a crucial role in determining viscosity, homogeneity, spreadability, and foam stability. This study aimed to evaluate and optimize the physical stability of facial wash gel containing okra extract 3% (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) by varying HPMC concentrations (1, 1.5, and 2%). The formulations were assessed for homogeneity, syneresis, pH stability, viscosity, spreadability, and foam stability over a 28-day storage period at room temperature (25°C). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 27, including Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Levene’s test for homogeneity, One-Way ANOVA, and Tukey’s post-hoc test to determine significant differences among formulations. The results showed that HPMC concentration significantly influenced gel stability. F1 (1% HPMC) exhibited syneresis, excessive spreadability, and lower viscosity, indicating poor structural integrity. F2 (1.5% HPMC) maintained moderate stability but showed significant changes in spreadability over time. F3 (2% HPMC) demonstrated the best stability with optimal viscosity, minimal syneresis, controlled spreadability, and consistent foam formation. pH values for all formulations remained within the acceptable range (4.5–7.8, SNI 16-4380-1996). Foam stability (60–70%) met regulatory standards (SNI 16-4085-1996), with higher HPMC concentrations contributing to increased foam retention. The study confirms that HPMC concentration is a key determinant of gel stability. F3 (2% HPMC) exhibited the most stable formulation, balancing viscosity, spreadability, and foam stability, making it the optimal formulation for facial wash gel development. These findings highlight the importance of gelling agent optimization in cosmetic formulations, ensuring both product stability and consumer acceptability.
Anti-inflammatory Activity of Glucomannan Resulting from β-mannanase Enzyme Hydrolysis in RAW 264.7 Cells
Glucomannan is a polysaccharide of the hemicellulose type, composed of glucose and mannose chains. It has the ability to form solutions that expand and thicken. The bioactivity of carbohydrates is influenced by the length of their saccharide chains. Hydrolysis can alter the structural dimensions of polysaccharides, including molecular weight, type, number, and position of substituent groups, which in turn impacts their biological activity. Various methods can modify carbohydrate structures to enhance their value, with degradation being one such method. Enzymatic degradation is particularly advantageous due to its high specificity, efficiency, and minimal side effects. Numerous studies have identified glucomannan as having immunomodulatory effects on macrophage cells. When stimulated with lipopolysaccharides, macrophages release various cytokines and inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, iNOS, and NO. This study explored the potential anti-inflammatory effects of glucomannan (GM) and its enzymatically hydrolyzed form (Enz-GM) on RAW 264.7 cells. The research involved degrading glucomannan using the β-mannanase enzyme, followed by in vitro testing of the degradation product (Enz-GM) for anti-inflammatory activity. This was achieved using an ELISA kit to measure the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS. The results showed that Enz-GM at pH 9 (Mw 1.24 kDa) significantly reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and iNOS (p ≤ 0.05) compared to GM, while TNF-α expression did not show a significant difference between Enz-GM and GM.
Formulation of a 2-in-1 Conditioner-Shampoo Containing Morus nigra Ethanolic Extract with Surfactant Combination
Black mulberry (Morus nigra) is rich in flavonoids and anthocyanins with antioxidant and conditioning properties that can improve hair health. However, its incorporation into a stable 2-in-1 conditioner-shampoo formulation remains limited. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical stability of conditioner-shampoo preparations containing M. nigra ethanolic extract at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% w/w using sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) and cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) as surfactant bases. Each formulation was prepared by gradual mixing of aqueous and surfactant phases, followed by the addition of conditioning agents and active extract. Physical characteristics—including organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, foam height, and viscosity—were evaluated before and after six cycles of a stability test at 4 °C and 40 °C. All formulas exhibited homogeneous brown appearance with peppermint aroma and acceptable foam stability. The initial pH decreased with increasing extract concentration (F1 = 6.74; F2 = 5.95; F3 = 3.97) and slightly decreased after cycling (F1 = 6.21; F2 = 5.84; F3 = 3.61). Viscosity values ranged from 44,000 to 70,000 mPas and decreased after temperature cycling, whereas foam height remained within acceptable limits (≈ 1.5–2.3 cm). Among the tested formulations, F2 (10% extract) showed the most balanced properties in terms of pH, viscosity, and foam stability. In conclusion, a 10% M. nigra ethanolic extract conditioner-shampoo demonstrated good physical stability and potential as a natural antioxidant and conditioning hair-care product.
Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effect from Decoction of Itchy Leaves (Laportea decumana (Roxb.) Wedd.)
Itchy leaves have the ability as analgesics, anti-inflammatory, asthma, antimalaria and antihypertension. Empirically in Maluku and Papua, itchy leaves are used topically to treat pain and inflammation. This study aims to examine the antiinflammatory and analgetic effects orally of an Itchy leaves decoction. Anti-inflammatory testing using the Winter method, rats were divided 5 groups negative control given aquadest, positive control given sodium diclofenac 1.8 mg/200 g BW rats, the test group given an infusion of itchy leaves dose 0.3 g/Kg BW (I), 0.6 g/Kg BW (I) and 1.2 g/Kg BW (III). Analgesics testing using Siegmund method, mice were divided 5 groups, negative control given aquadest, positive control given sodium diclofenac 0.26 mg/20 g BW mice, the test group given decoction of itchy leaves dose 0.4 g/Kg BW (I), 0.8 g/Kg BW (II) and 1.6 g/Kg BW (III). Results of Mann-whitney test, infusion of itchy leaves had a significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect on the negative control group, p value <0.05. Precentage of positive control edema inhibition and the test group dosage I, II, III was obtained by 27.94%; 15.97%; 25.89%; and 26.86%, percentage inhibition of positive control and the test group dosage I, II, III was obtained by 59.42%; 43.93%; 45.70% and 80.22%. Itchy leaves decoction has a lower anti-inflammatory effect than diclofenac sodium. The analgesics effect of decoction of Itchy leaves at doses of 0.4 g/Kg BW and 0.8 g/Kg BW was lower, dose of 1.6 g/Kg BW was higher than diclofenac sodium.
Itchy leaves (Laportea decumana (Roxb.) Wedd.)
Hak Cipta (c) 2024 Journal of Natural Product for Degenerative Diseases
Molecular structure similarity analysis using Tanimoto coefficient and its correlation analysis with Maltase-glucoamylase inhibitory activity of Nigella sativa’s compounds
Nigella sativa is one of the medicinal plants that are efficacious for treating diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to damage of insulin action, insulin production, and/or both. In this study, the molecular structure similarity analysis of the compounds in Nigella sativa to acarbose and the correlation analysis of the similarity with its activity as antidiabetic with the mechanism of maltase glucoamylase (MGAM) inhibition was carried out. Similarity analysis has been done used Tanimoto coefficient. The prediction of MGAM inhibitory activity has been done using molecular docking with molegro virtual docker. The Kaempferol 3-glucosyl-(1-2)-galactosyl-(1-2)-glucoside; (S)-2,3-Epoxysqualene; Quercetin 3-glucosyl-(1-2)-galactosyl-(1-2)-glucoside; Oleic Acid has activity as an inhibitor of MGAM with rerank score -107.8770, -102.1760, -95.7338, -92.4246 respectively and these has Tanimoto score 0.426, 0.319, 0.413, 0.357 respectively. The correlation analysis obtained that there is a significant relationship between the Tanimoto Coefficient and Rerank Score with the opposite relationship because the correlation value is negative. Greater the degree of molecular structure similarity of Nigella sativa’s compounds to acarbose more likely has the similar biological activity as MGAM inhibitory
Hak Cipta (c) 2024 Universitas Pancasila
The Effectiveness of Sunscreen Cream with Ethanol Extract of Sungkai Leaves (Peronema canescens Jack)
Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) (PCL) contains flavonoid compounds that can absorb UV light therefore having the potential to be developed as a raw material for cosmetics that functions as a sunscreen. The research aims to formulate PCL extract into a sunscreen cream. Sungkai leaves are macerated using 96% ethanol solvent. Specific and non-specific parameter tests were carried out on the extract as well as antioxidant tests using the DPPH method and SPF tests using the Mansur method. The results of this research showed that 96% ethanol extract of PCL had a blackish-green color, pH 5.25; the ethanol and water-soluble essence levels were 6.25% and 5.17%. The water content obtained is 27.4%; drying shrinkage is 0.46%; total ash content is 0.12% and acid insoluble ash content is 0.1%. The antioxidant value obtained was 35.06 ppm. Three cream formulations were prepared (FI of 0.1753%, FII of 0.3506%, and FIII of 0.5259%) and evaluated for organoleptic, homogeneity, cream type, viscosity, pH, particle size, and spreadability tests for one month at 25℃ and 40℃. The organoleptic test results of the cream have a soft texture, with varying colors; light green (FI), green (FII), and dark green (FIII) color. Other evaluation test results show that the cream has a pH of 5.16 - 6.73, a spreadability of 6.47 - 8.07 cm, a viscosity of 15466.67 - 38933.33 cPs, a particle size of 9.88 - 16.17 µm and an SPF of 17.68 (FI), 27.46 (FII), and 33.64 (FIII) with ultra protection on all three. PCL extract after being formulated into creams shows high SPF activity with F3 as the best formula. PCL extract can be formulated into a cream form that meets physical and chemical quality parameters.
Evaluation of Physical Attributes and Efficacy of Lip Balm Formulated with Okra Fruit Extract (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Fructus)
The okra fruit (A esculentus fructus) is renowned for its significant antioxidant properties, attributed to its rich content of bioactive compounds. Despite its high antioxidant activity, which has been extensively documented, its potential as a component in cosmetic formulations particularly lip balm preparation remains underutilized. This study seeks to address this gap by incorporating okra fruit extract into lip balm formulations and evaluating the resulting physical and functional attributes. Lip balm formulations were developed with three varying concentrations of Ethanol okra fruit extract: F1 (1%), F2 (3%), and F3 (5%). A series of comprehensive evaluations were conducted to assess the physical stability and performance of the lip balms, including organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, melting point, spreadability, and overall stability. Stability was monitored over a 28-day period at room temperature to simulate typical storage conditions. The antioxidant efficacy of the okra extract was quantified using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay, which yielded an IC50 value of 10.06 µg/ml, reflecting its potent free radical scavenging capacity. In comparison, the lip balm formulations demonstrated higher IC50 values, with Formulation I (FI) at 46.35 µg/ml, Formulation II (FII) at 40 µg/ml, and Formulation III (FIII) at 30.23 µg/ml, indicating a reduction in antioxidant activity in the formulated products compared to the pure extract.. The lip balm formulations exhibited a distinct okra aroma, smooth texture, and uniform color variations ranging from light brown (F1), brown (F2), to dark brown (F3). pH values ranged from 5.40 to 5.81, and melting points were between 49.6°C and 52.9°C, all within the acceptable range as per SNI 16-4769-1998 standards. ANOVA statistical analysis revealed no significant changes (p > 0.05) in melting point and spreadability over time. However, significant differences (p < 0.05) were noted in pH values, with further analysis indicating that formulations F2 and F3 differed significantly from F1 (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that okra fruit extract not only enhances the antioxidant properties of lip balm but also maintains its stability and functionality, supporting its potential as a valuable ingredient in cosmetic formulations.
Literature Study: Potential of Garcinia latissima Miq. for Skin Care - a Mini Review
The species Garcinia Latissima Miq. is native to Southeast Asia's tropical rain forests, primarily in Papua and Maluku. This plant is well-known for its thick-skinned fruit, used as a spice in traditional recipes. Garcinia Latissima Miq is also used in traditional medicine. Its use as a traditional medicine is because Garcinia Latissima Miq. has long been recognized as a source of phenolic compounds, and earlier research has shown that the chemicals extracted have biological activity as antioxidants, antibacterials, and antimicrobials. This study aimed to gather adequate information on the Garcinia Latissima Miq. plant's potential for usage as a cosmetic or skincare ingredient. A literature review was done in this study to obtain data from prior investigations. According to the findings of this investigation, the Garcinia Latissima Miq. plant possesses anti-elastase, which helps maintain skin elasticity, and contains flavonoids that inhibit tyrosinase in melanogenesis. Garcinia Latissima Miq. plant has the potential to maintain skin elasticity and brightness.
In Silico Studies: Stigmastan-3,6-dione in the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Momordica charantia L Fruit has immunostimulant and anti-inflammatory activity
Momordica charantia L fruit provides an immunomodulatory effect by stimulating certain components of the body's immune system. Bioactive phytochemicals from M. charantia L function as anti-inflammatory agents by reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion including IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, NF-kB. This research looks at the insilico mechanism of action of the active ingredient of the EtOAc fraction of M. charantia L fruit as an immunostimulant and anti-inflammatory. The materials and methods used were an Intel Core i7 10 Th Gen laptop, Chem Office Professional 17.1, Chem 2D, Chem 3D software, PDB code (6W9K) and ligand (TUA), Stigmastan-3,6 dione (C29H48O2) from the EtOAc fraction of fruit M. charantia L was docked using MVD software, RMSD and RMSF values ​​were viewed using Yasara Software, pkCSM online tool to predict compound toxicity, toxicity prediction (LD50) was used by Protox online tool. The results of molecular docking of standard compounds, namely Methylprednisolone and Prednisolone and Stigmastan-3,6-dione, have Rerank Score values of -120.62, -121.47, -79.50, respectively. The lower the Rerank score value, the lower the binding energy between the protein and the ligand, causing the protein and ligand bonds to be more stable and it is predicted that the activity of the compound will be greater. The movement of RMSD values ​​between 0.6-1.9 Å for the 3 (three) compounds, is still within stable limits and does not undergo conformation. The RMSF value of the 3 (three) compounds has the same amino acid residue pattern. The insilico toxicity prediction for the 3 (three) compounds is still within safe limits. The EtOAc fraction of M. charantia L fruit with the active compound Stigmastan-3,6-Dione in its mechanism of action in silico shows activity as an anti-inflammatory and immunostimulant that works on the NF-kB pathway.
Formulation of Instant Granule of Japanese Taro Tuber Extract (Colocasia esculenta L. Schoot) Based on Milk With Various Binders for Stunting Prevention
Japanese taro root extract (Colocasia esculenta L. Schoot) includes Fe and Zn, which the body need to prevent stunting. The goal of this investigation was to see how different binder types affected the physical and chemical properties of instant granule preparations. The formula for an instant granule dry extract of Japanese taro root was developed using the wet granulation method with various binders, including PVP (F1), Mucillago amili (FII), and Na-CMC (FIII), and then tested for physical, chemical, and Fe and Zn content using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The test findings showed that the flow rate of instant granules of Japanese taro root extract formulations I, II, and III was (4.6840-4.7956) g/s, with an angle of repose of 26.86-31.08°. The granules had particle sizes ranging from 670,2295-703,2438 μm, a compressibility index of 15.91-19.00%, and moisture content of 2.80-3.58%. The immediate granule test was performed after being dispersed in water; formulations I, II, and III had dispersion periods of 40.33-50.33 seconds, specific gravity of 1.0099-1.0101 g/mL, viscosity of 1.3589-1.6352 cps, sedimentation volume of 0.940-0.955, and pH of 6.60-6.65. Formulas II using 10% muchilago amyl binder had the greatest Fe and Zn levels, at 34.40 mg/kg and 16.19 mg/kg, respectively. The statistical test revealed a significant effect of different binders on angle of repose, moisture content, dispersion time, pH, and viscosity of Japanese taro root extract granules (p-value < 0.05).
Japanese taro root (Colocasia esculenta)
Formulation and Characterization of Antioxidant Capsules Containing Cantigi Extract-loaded Nanoparticles Synthesized Via Nanoprecipitation Method
Cantigi extract exhibit numerous activities, including antioxidants. Various dosage forms have been developed, except a capsule formulation. Capsule formulation offers numerous advantages. Objectives: To prepare and characterize the cantigi extract, extract-loaded nanoparticles, capsules containing extract, and capsules containing nanoparticles as antioxidants. Methods: The Cantigi extract was prepared using the maceration method and characterized for both specific and non-specific parameters. The preparation of extract-loaded nanoparticles utilized the nanoprecipitation method with gelatin, poloxamer, and glutaraldehyde as the polymer, stabilizer, and crosslinker, respectively. Characterization of the nanoparticle included particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. Capsule formulation (F): F1 contained the extract, while F2 contained the nanoparticles. Capsule characterization involved assessment of content uniformity, weight variation, disintegration, and release profile. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH method for extract, nanoparticles and capsules. Results: The cantigi extract met specific and non-specific parameters. Nanoparticle size was found to be 235.8+12.62 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.226+0.050, a zeta potential of -8.53+0.27 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 52.69+1.06%. Characteristics of F1 and F2 included content uniformity of 97.24+4.23 and 89.86+1.48%, weight variation of 185.5+1.31 and 127.22+1.86%, disintegration time of 3.67-4.08 and 5.35-5.97 minutes, extract content of 97.24+4.23 and 89.86±1.48%, and release rate of 86.78+3.98 and 61.79+3.48%, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the extract, extract-loaded nanoparticles, and capsules (F1 dan F2) were determined to be 17.40+0.94, 33.60+1.85, 66.81+1.46, and 106.61+3.32 ppm, respectively. Conclusion: Cantigi extract and nanoparticles exhibited potent antioxidant activities while meeting quality parameters. The capsule formulation displayed varying antioxidant activities and release profiles, with capsules containing nanoparticles demonstrating a sustained release profile.
The Formulation and Test of Antioxidant Activity from Serum Gel of the Extract Chrysanthemum Flower (Chrysanthemum Indicum L.)
Skin as the outermost layer of the body will be first exposed to UV light, and pollution which may form free radicals and lead to premature aging, so the application of antioxidants is indispensable. One of the skin cares that are in great demand is serum. A plant that has a high content of antioxidants and is widely cultivated in Indonesia is the chrysanthemum flower (Chrysanthemum indicum L.). Previous research stated that the IC50 value of chrysanthemums was 43.34 ppm. This study aimed to determine the IC50 value contained in chrysanthemum flower extract and formulate it into serum gel that contains antioxidants and meets physical parameters. The method used in determining the IC50 value is the DPPH method. The formulation was carried out by adding different levels of chrysanthemum flower extract to the formula. The evaluation test includes organoleptic, pH, spreadability, viscosity, and antioxidant activity and stability test at room temperature (25oC) and high temperature (40oC). The results obtained were IC50 values of chrysanthemum flower extracts was 32.78 ± 0.01 ppm while the IC50 of serum gel were 109.10 ± 0.1 ppm (F1) and 73.51 ± 0.08 ppm (F2) and after 4 weeks stored at room temperature the IC50 114.02 ± 0.09 ppm (F1) and 76.39 ± 0.06 ppm (F2). The conclusion is that chrysanthemum flower extract has a very strong antioxidant activity, and the serum gel has a strong antioxidant activity and is stable at both room temperature and 40oC for 4 weeks.
Study of Potential Antiobesity Compounds from Amylchlorogenate Derivates on Leptin Hormone and their Toxicity using Molecular Docking Approach
Chlorogenic acid, a type of phenolic acid, is a polar compound that has anti-obesity effects with unclear mechanisms. This study aims to obtain compounds that are active as antiobesity, their interaction with receptors and its toxicity. This research was carried out in several steps, internal validation of targets and methods using Yasara, docking of test compounds and positive control using PLANTs, interaction visualization using Pymol and toxicity testing using Protox-II. Validation results show four receptors and test method meet the requirements. Docking results of setmelanotide on receptor code 1PXH -113.81; 2QBP -109.163; 2QBR -110.113, 2; QBS -110.817 kcal/mol respectively. The docking results of the test compounds in 1PXH namely 7,4,5-Triamylchlorogenate (compound a) -114,333 kcal/mol. In 2QBP namely 7,3'-Diamylchlorogenate (110,152) (compound b), (compound a) (-109,818), 7,4,3',4'-Tetraamylchlorogenate (compound c) (-115,309), 7,5,3',4'-Tetraamylchlorogenate (compound d) (-112,85), 7,4,5,3',4'-Pentaamylchlorogenate (compound e) (-110,414) and 2',5'-Diamylchlorogenic acid (compound f) (-113, 565) kcal/mol. In 2QBR namely, (compound a) (-114,276), (compound e) (-111,059), and (compound f) (-110,398) kcal/mol. In 2QBS namely, (compound a) (-113.53), and (compound d) (-111,676) kcal / mol. The active site of amino acids that have affinity are, ARG45 and LYS120 in 1PXH; ASP48, SER118 and ARG47 in 2QBP; ASP48 and ARG24 in 2QBR; ASP48 and GLN262 in 2QBS code. Toxicity tests obtained oral LD50 of 5000 mg/kg BW (compounds a and f); 3800 mg/kg BW (compounds b, c, d and e). The potential compound that was active in all the test receptor codes was 7,4,5-Tripentylchlorogenate (compound a). All active test compounds were relatively safe.
Effects of 70% Ethanol Extract of Foeniculum vulgare and Coleus amboinicus as a Potential Diarrhea Treatment Using Intestine Transit Method
Diarrhea is a condition where the frequency of defecation increases more than three times a day. In underdeveloped nations like Indonesia, diarrhea is a sickness that frequently affects people. Diarrhea can be fatal, causing dehydration and even death if not treated properly. Using alternative treatments like fennel seeds and cumin leaves is one way to treat diarrhea. Fennel seeds and cumin leaves includes secondary tannin metabolites that are effective antidiarrheal agents. Test the antidiarrheal effect of Foeniculum vulgare ethanol extract (FVEE) and Coleus amboinicus ethanol extract (CAEE) using the intestinal transit method on mice was carried out on 9 groups, each group consisting of 5 mice: negative control, Loperamide control, Diapet® control, FVEE and CAEE at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. To induce diarrhea through oral administration, castor oil was used in experiments. Four hours following the start of the induction, the treatment group received. They received norit an hour later, and the mice were sacrificed 20 minutes after receiving norit. The intestines were taken out of the mice after they had been dissected, starting from the rectum to the pylorus. Measured the length of the intestine overall and the portion that passed through the norit marker. Calculations were made to determine how much of the gut went by a marker compared to the entire intestine. The results of the study showed that FVEE has an antidiarrheal effect at a level of 100 mg/kg and CAEE has an antidiarrheal effect at a dose of 200 mg/kg.
Study of The In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic and Analgesic Effect of The Ethanol Extract Indian Nettle Plant (Acalypha indica Linn)
The body can experience fever and pain, when inflammation occurs. Indian nettle plant (Acalypha Indica Linn.) are known to contain flavonoid compounds which are thought to have anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effect. This study aims to test the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effect of the ethanol extract of 70% Indian Nettle plant. Method each test used 5 groups, negative control all given Na CMC 0,5%. Antiinflammatory use rats with Winter method, aspirin 40,43mg/200gBB, the test group dose 70mg/200gBW (I), 140mg/200gBW (II), 280mg/200gBW (III), antipyretics use rats with Brewer's yeast method, aspirin 21,45mg/200gBW, the test group dose 70mg/200gBW (I), 140mg/200gBW (II), 280mg/200gBW (III). Analgesic use mice with the Siegmund method, aspirin 3,10mg/20gBB, the test group dose of 10mg/20gBB (I); 20mg/20gBB (II); 40mg/20g BW (III). Results Kruskall Wallis test, the anti-inflammatory effect significant difference to negative control, p value <0,05. Percentage of inhibition positive control edema and test dosage I, II, and III obtained 34,44%; 18,88%; 21,37%, and 29,61%. The Mann Whitney test, the antipretic and analgesic effects significant difference to the negative control, p value <0,05. The decreased percentage of fever in positive control and dosage I, II, and III test preparations was 3,74%; 2,60%; 2,55%; 3,01%. Inhibition percentage of stretching positive control and test dosage I, II, and III obtained 41,05%; 24,46%; 27,78%; and 33,31%. Conclussion: Wriggling inhibition (analgesic) had the highest presentation dose III 33,31% compare to anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities, lower than aspirin as positive control 41,05% (p<0,05).
Development of Gel Preparations from a Combination of Iler Leaf Extract and Patchouli Oil as a Repellent Against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an abnormal health condition caused by the dengue virus through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The use of repellent to prevent mosquito bites can provide protection against DHF. DEET, a synthetic repellent with usage that has spread throughout the world, is reported to have toxic effects and cause irritation. Leaves of iler and patchouli oil are plants of the Lamiaceae family with repellent activity. This study aimed to obtain a repellant gel combination of iler leaf extract and patchouli oil. Gel preparations are made with a combination of Iler Leaf Extract and Patchouli Oil at concentrations of 12.5%, and 2%. Physical and chemical quality parameter test, stability test, acute dermal irritation test, and repel effectiveness test were tested on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Gel preparations showed a homogeneous physical appearance, greenish-brown color with an aromatic distinctive odor, a viscosity value of 16000 cPs, pH 6.32, and thixotropic flow properties. Gel preparations are effective as a mosquito repellent for 3 hours with a protection power of 56.82%. The gel preparation storage temperature, besides the resulting gel, does not irritate, and it is physically stable at 4 ± 2oC and 25 ± 2oC and is slightly less stable at 40 ± 2oC.
Hak Cipta (c) 2023 Journal of Natural Product for Degenerative Diseases
Formulation and evaluation of Anti-aging Serum Containing a Combination of Mugwort (Artemisia capillaris) Extract and Vitamin C as an Antioxidant
Mugwort (genus Artemisia) is a skincare ingredient originating from a South Korean beauty trend having antioxidant properties and is currently popular globally. The aim of this research is to formulate and determine the antioxidant activity of anti-aging serum containing Mugwort (Artemisia capillaris) and Vitamin C extract as antioxidants. All formulas were adjusted to a pH range of 5.0 – 5.2. Each formula was characterized based on antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Serum with mugwort extract (F1) and serum with a combination of mugwort extract and vitamin C (F3) show strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 99.70 and 82.92 ppm, respectively. Anti-aging serum containing mugwort (Artemisia capillaris) extract and vitamin C provides strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 82.92 ppm (F3).
Antioxidant Activity Cultivated of Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Leaves Extract in Jayasari Village, Pangandaran District, West Java
Indonesia is a source of raw materials for tropical medicines that treat various diseases. One of the places to plant soursop leaves in West Java is Jayasari Village, Pangandaran District. Annona muricata Linn (Soursop) leaves is a medicinal plant widely used as an anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, insecticide, antimalarial, anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant. Soursop leaves have many benefits because they contain phytochemical compounds. This study aims to determine the phytochemical content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of A. muricata leaves. This research was carried out in several steps, including extraction, evaporation, phytochemical testing, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. Phytochemicals were extracted with 96% ethanol by maceration. Measurement of flavonoids in extracts was determined using standard quercetin and UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. Antioxidant activity was carried out through a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical removal test. The results showed that the ethanol extract of soursop leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and tannins. The results of measurements of flavonoids from the ethanol extract of soursop leaves showed that 1 g of the extract contained 8.32 mg of quercetin equivalent. The ethanol extract of soursop leaves has antioxidant activity, as indicated by the scavenging of DPPH radicals with an IC50 of 56.73 ppm.
Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Compounds from Ebony Leaf Extract (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) and Their Correlation with Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds in Various Solvent Extraction
Ebony (Diospyros celebica. Bakh) is a native plant of Indonesia that is used as a traditional medicine for diabetes mellitus. Previous studies state that ethanol extract from ebony leaves significantly reduced blood glucose levels of diabetic rats induced by alloxan. This ability is thought to be caused by secondary metabolites which is phenolic and flavonoid compound. However, research related to structure compounds in extract and composition of solvent variations in the extraction process to get the most optimal activity and also their correlation with total phenolic and flavonoid compounds has not been carried out. This study aimed to evaluate the composition of the optimum solvent in the extraction process and also to know the structure compounds contained in the extract. In the present study, we extracted the ebony leaves with three solvents of different polarity (ethanol-water), i.e. ethanol 50% (EtOH), EtOH 70%, and EtOH 96%. Quantitative estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. These extracts were future evaluated for their activity and the content of compounds in the extract was identified using LCMS/MS. The results showed that phenolic compounds that have been identified in ebony leaf extract are methyl gallate and (-)-Epiafzelechin 3-gallate and we found there were significant differences in all test parameters between the three extracts which is EtOH 96% extract gave the best.
Enhanced Efficacy of Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix) Essential Oil Spray Gel Against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes
The primary mode of dengue disease transmission is by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The essential oil derived from Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) leaves comprises 66.85% beta-citronellal, 6.59% beta-citronellol, 3.90% linalol, and 1.76% citronellol. These constituents exhibit repelling properties. The objective of this study was to develop a spray gel formulation using kaffir lime leaf essential oil to create an efficient repellent. The process involves tearing fresh kaffir lime leaves and subsequently distilling them with distilled water. The distillation procedure yields an essential oil that is subsequently incorporated into a spray gel formulation, with varying concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10%. Based on the findings of the efficacy test from 3 spray gel formulas through mosquito repelling activity conducted over 6 hours, it can be concluded that all tested formulas exhibited variation in effectiveness in repelling mosquito bites. The efficacy of the protection index against Aedes aegypti mosquito bites is contingent upon the concentration of kaffir lime essential oil in the formulation. There is a positive correlation between concentration and the duration of protection.
Preparation, Evaluation, and In Vitro Antiacne Activity of Cymbopogon citratus DC and Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle Essential Oil Microemulsion
This study was conducted to formulate and evaluate a topical anti-acne microemulsion containing essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus DC and Cymbopogon nardus (L). Using the disc diffusion method, the antibacterial activity of the essential oils of C. citratus and C. nardus against Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus epidermidis was investigated. After identifying the active concentration, the formula for a topical microemulsion was devised and tested for physical and chemical parameters. The results revealed that the essential oils of C. citratus and C. nardus had antimicrobial activity against P. acnes and S. epidermidis. The results demonstrated that the obtained microemulsion meets the physical and chemical requirements and possesses antimicrobial activity. It can be concluded that the essential oils extracted from C. citratus and C. nardus have the potential for further development and commercial application in the treatment of acne.