Ginkgo biloba as a Forest-Derived Natural Product: Systematic Review of Bioactive Compounds and Processing Technologies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58511/jnpdd.v4i1.10434Kata Kunci:
Ginkgo biloba, Forest-derived natural product, Bioactive compounds, Processing technologies, Neurodegenerative diseasesAbstrak
Ginkgo biloba L. is a forest-derived natural product whose leaves, seeds, and exocarp contain bioactive compounds with potential relevance to neurodegenerative diseases. However, variation in raw-material characteristics and processing conditions can affect phytochemical composition, extraction efficiency, and product quality. Here, we systematically reviewed extraction, processing, and analytical technologies used to obtain and characterize G. biloba-derived bioactive compounds relevant to Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and dementia. A Scopus-based search following PRISMA 2020 identified 436 records, supplemented by citation tracking, with 33 studies meeting the eligibility criteria for qualitative synthesis. The evidence shows that standardized solvent processing, green and subcritical-water extraction, and cell or organ culture are the principal approaches for producing bioactive fractions, while HPLC, UPLC-MS/MS, and LC-MS/MS dominate compound quantification, chemical fingerprinting, authentication, and quality control. Leaves were the predominant raw material, whereas seeds and exocarp represented comparatively underutilized resource fractions with potential for valorization. Raw-material heterogeneity associated with leaf age, harvest source, season, and tree characteristics emerged as a major challenge for reproducible phytochemical profiles. These findings position G. biloba as a forest-derived natural product whose development for neurodegenerative applications depends on integrating resource utilization, processing, phytochemical characterization, and analytical standardization. This perspective links forest resources with product quality.
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