Analysis of Voltage Drop and Power Loss Calculations inthe Edelweiss Feeder of PT PLN (Persero) Abepura Customer Service Unit

Ekawati Margaretha Ohee; Dultudes Mangopo; Suparno; Oktavianus Kati; Rombe Allo; Semuel Boron Membala; Allo Sarira Pongsapan

doi:10.35814/asiimetrik.v8i2.9965

Authors

Ekawati Margaretha Ohee Universitas Cenderawasih
Dultudes Mangopo Universitas Cenderawasih
Suparno Universitas Cenderawasih
Oktavianus Kati Universitas Cenderawasih
Rombe Allo Universitas Cenderawasih
Semuel Boron Membala Universitas Cenderawasih
Allo Sarira Pongsapan Universitas Cenderawasih

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35814/asiimetrik.v8i2.9965

Keywords:

voltage, power, distribution, distance, performance

Abstract

This study evaluates the performance of the 20 kV Edelweiss feeder by analysing transformer loading, voltage drop, and technical power losses in a radial distribution network. The analysis is based on a bus-by-bus electrical model derived from feeder topology, conductor impedance, load current, power factor, and segment length data. Voltage profiles and technical losses are quantified using established three-phase power flow relationships based on Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s current law, enabling the assessment of cumulative voltage drop and loss propagation along the feeder. The results show that the feeder maintains a highly stable voltage profile, with a total voltage drop of 41.422 V, equivalent to approximately 0.207% of the nominal 20 kV voltage. Total active and reactive power losses are 7.3103 kW and 4.7821 kVAR, respectively, with more than 96% of these losses concentrated in Bus 2 and Bus 3. The findings demonstrate that technical losses are governed primarily by current accumulation, electrical distance, and topological position within the radial network rather than by conductor length alone. This study contributes a feeder-level understanding of how upstream current aggregation shapes voltage-drop and loss distribution, providing empirical evidence for identifying critical segments in medium-voltage radial distribution systems .

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdelkarim, A. et al. (2022) ‘Improved Space Vector Modulation Algorithm Of 5-Level Three-Phase Z-Source Based Cascaded Inverter’, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS), 13(4), pp. 2286–2295. Available at: https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i4.pp2286-2295.

Adekitan, A.I. (2020) ‘A New Definition of Voltage Unbalance Using Supply Phase Shift’, Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems, 31(3), pp. 718–725. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-020-00579-8.

Albuquerque, R.J. (2021) ‘Micro-PMU-based Voltage Drop Assessment for Improving Voltage Regulation in Primary Radial Distribution Feeders’, 2021 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT). 2021 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT), Washington, DC, USA: IEEE, pp. 1–5. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT49243.2021.9372245.

Amoah, P.K. and Essilfie, J.E. (2025) ‘Determining The Contributing Factors and Their Impact on Technical Losses of a Secondary Distribution Network’, African Journal of Applied Research, 11(2), pp. 153–168. Available at: https://doi.org/10.26437/ajar.v11i2.995.

Ayalew, M. et al. (2022) ‘Integration of Renewable Based Distributed Generation for Distribution Network Expansion Planning’, Energies, 15(4), p. 1378. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041378.

Babu, M.N. and Dhal, P.K. (2024) ‘Impact Of Load Flow And Network Reconfiguration For Unbalanced Distribution Systems’, Measurement: Sensors, 32, p. 101078. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2024.101078.

Baran, M.E. and Wu, F.F. (1989) ‘Network Reconfiguration In Distribution Systems For Loss Reduction And Load Balancing’, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 4(2), pp. 1401–1407. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/61.25627.

Boghdady, T.A., Nasser, S.G.A. and Zahab, E.E.-D.A. (2022) ‘Energy Harvesting Maximization By Integration Of Distributed Generation Based On Economic Benefits’, Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 25(2), pp. 610–625. Available at: https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i2.pp610-625.

Ding, Z. and Rakov, V.A. (2022) ‘Toward A Better Understanding Of Negative Lightning Stepped Leaders’, Electric Power Systems Research, 209, p. 108043. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108043.

Gautam, R., Patel, D.K. and Mansani, S. (2022) ‘A Flexible Two Stage Weakly Meshed Load Flow using Multi-Port Compensation Technique’, 2022 4th International Conference on Energy, Power and Environment (ICEPE). 2022 4th International Conference on Energy, Power and Environment (ICEPE), Shillong, India: IEEE, pp. 1–5. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEPE55035.2022.9798195.

Ismail, B. et al. (2020) ‘A Comprehensive Review on Optimal Location and Sizing of Reactive Power Compensation Using Hybrid-Based Approaches for Power Loss Reduction, Voltage Stability Improvement, Voltage Profile Enhancement and Loadability Enhancement’, IEEE Access, 8, pp. 222733–222765. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3043297.

Kosobudzki, G. et al. (2025) ‘Reactive Power Compensation for Single-Phase AC Motors Using Integral Power Theory’, Energies, 18(10), p. 2641. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/en18102641.

Ma, K., Fang, L. and Kong, W. (2020) ‘Review Of Distribution Network Phase Unbalance: Scale, Causes, Consequences, Solutions, And Future Research Directions’, CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, 6(3), pp. 479–488. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2019.03280.

Mahdavi, M. et al. (2021) ‘An Efficient Mathematical Model for Distribution System Reconfiguration Using AMPL’, IEEE Access, 9, pp. 79961–79993. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3083688.

Mathenge, S.W., Mharakurwa, Edwell.T. and Mogaka, L. (2024) ‘Voltage Enhancement And Loss Minimization In A Radial Network Through Optimal Capacitor Sizing And Placement Based On Crow Search Algorithm’, Energy Reports, 12, pp. 4953–4965. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.10.062.

Medina, J.M.G. et al. (2022) ‘Power Factor Prediction in Three Phase Electrical Power Systems Using Machine Learning’, Sustainability, 14(15), p. 9113. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159113.

Minetti, M., Procopio, R. and Bonfiglio, A. (2025) ‘Analytical Load Flow Solution For Radial Distribution Networks’, Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, 43, p. 101871. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2025.101871.

Nobile, G., Cacciato, M. and Vasta, E. (2022) ‘Measuring Active Power as the Difference between the Peak Value of Instantaneous Power and the Apparent Power’, Sensors, 22(9), p. 3517. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093517.

Norouzi, H., Firoozjaee, M.G. and Rezaei, M. (2024) ‘Investigation Of Distribution System Modification Using Operation Voltage Unification In Order To Decrease Interruptions In Dust Climate’, Heliyon, 10(17), pp. 1–17. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37335.

Parvizi, P. et al. (2025) ‘Technical Losses in Power Networks: Mechanisms, Mitigation Strategies, and Future Directions’, Electronics, 14(17), p. 3442. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14173442.

Sadiq, E.H. and Antar, R.K. (2024) ‘Minimizing Power Losses in Distribution Networks: A Comprehensive Review’, Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, 10(4), pp. 20–36. Available at: https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2024.000093.

Saleh, M. and Alalouch, C. (2025) ‘Sustainable Construction in Oman: The Potential Role of The Industrialized Building Systems’, The Journal of Engineering Research, 17(1), pp. 1–10. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol17iss1pp1-10.

Tantu, A.T. and Biramo, D.B. (2024) ‘Power Flow Control And Reliability Improvement Through Adaptive PSO Based Network Reconfiguration’, Heliyon, 10(17), pp. 1–20. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36668.

Usman, H.M. et al. (2022) ‘Estimation Of Distribution Transformer KVA Load Using Residential Smart Meter Data’, Electric Power Systems Research, 204, p. 107663. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107663.

Zolfaghari, M. and Jalilian, A. (2026) ‘Minimizing Power Loss And Voltage Unbalance In Active Distribution Networks Employing Multi-Objective Optimization Of Voltage Regulation Equipment And DER Re-Phasing’, Results in Engineering, 29, p. 109008. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2026.109008.